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All variant spellings are welcome. If your Surname is missing and should be included, we'll be glad to add it. https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/randall":1,"#Y-DNA Haplotree - Predicted Haplogroup is I-P37 ":1,"#G-FTB28701":1,"#I-Y44821":1,"#Sostila, Sondrio, Italia":1,"#italia":1,"#Guriezo, Santander, España":1,"#Luciana Bianchini":1,"#Ancestros":1,"#RECENT POSTS":1,"#If you haven’t taken our mtFull Sequence test yet, get it today and get a head start on breaking brick walls before more updates are available within the next year.":1,"#This means more matches for everyone, better TMRCA estimates between you and your matches, and improved tools like an mtDNA version of Discover™, making it even easier to break those brick walls!":1,"#Additional sequencing—meaning more testers with mtFull Sequence results—will allow us to refine these subclades and the TMRCA even further, like we already do today for the Y-DNA haplotree.":1,"#The Future of mtDNA Research":1,"#The “after” image on the right is from the Million Mito Project’s research. Analysis of all the additional sequences at U5a2b2a today allows us to refine this branch further into new subclades with a TMRCA estimated between 2500 and as close as 500 years ago.":1,"#We can look at this example of haplogroup U5a2b2a. On the left, the “before” image is from the Phylotree. With the Phylotree, there’s barely any definition downstream of this branch, which is estimated to be 5000 years old.":1,"#The more refined branching on the new Mitotree will be able to provide you with a better TMRCA with your mtDNA matches, with many estimated within a genealogical timeframe.":1,"#The Million Mito Project is building the Mitotree by using new sequence data—20 times more data than the Phylotree used. That data will create new branches and, most importantly, younger branches.":1,"#Most, if not all, of the haplogroups and branches from the Phylotree are very old; the Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) for the branch is estimated at thousands of years ago. Just matching someone with the same haplogroup as you is not helpful for determining when your genealogical common ancestor was or who they were (although other mtDNA tools can help).":1,"#For an in-depth look into this research, check out this great presentation from FamilyTreeDNA’s population geneticist, Dr. Paul Maier, from Rootstech 2022. For less science-focused information on the Million Mito Project, this presentation by Janine Cloud has you covered.":1,"#The goal of the Million Mito Project is to pick up where the Phylotree left us in 2016, analyze more mtDNA sequences, and reimagine the mtDNA haplotree, or Mitotree. By examining more mtDNA data and applying the processes that allowed FamilyTreeDNA to build the world’s largest Y-DNA haplotree—the Tree of Mankind—we can also create the world’s largest Tree of Womankind.":1,"#The current mtDNA haplotree is Phylotree version 17, which was built with a little over 24,000 academic and privately submitted samples, some of which only had partial mtDNA results. The last update was in 2016, and there are no plans to update again.":1,"#The Million Mito Project was launched in 2020 as a collaborative effort between FamilyTreeDNA’s Research and Development Team and the scientific portion of the Genographic Project.":1,"#The Million Mito Project will revolutionize mtDNA testing and tools.":1,"#Check out this presentation by Group Projects Manager Janine Cloud from Rootstech 2023 to learn how she confirmed her third great-grandmother’s matrilineal line was Native American by testing her cousin’s mtDNA.":1,"#You can find other people in your family tree who descend matrilineally on the line where your brick wall is and get them to take the mtFull Sequence test and help you find the answers.":1,"#Maybe your brick wall isn’t on your direct maternal line. Maybe it’s on your father’s mother’s direct maternal line, or maybe you don’t know your maternal grandfather’s mother. Taking an mtDNA test yourself will only provide matches on your matrilineal line (your mother, her mother, her mother, etc.).":1,"#The Benefits of Testing Outside Your Direct Maternal Line":1,"#For more about how to use these mtDNA tools to break brick walls, including success stories, check out this great presentation by genetic genealogist and Millon Mito Project team member Roberta Estes from Rootstech 2022.":1,"#Make sure you’re filling out your Earliest Known Ancestor names and locations as well as your Family Tree as best you can!":1,"#By contacting my matches and asking for specific information about their EKMA, I could also learn more from those matches about my direct maternal line.":1,"#Finding the connection between Kentucky and Ireland or Scotland may be difficult. But when I look back at my Matches list, I notice there are several other matches that entered the EKMA name and dates but not a location. This is why they are not showing up on the Matches Map, but I still have options. I can determine those ancestors’ locations through my matches’ family trees or by emailing them and asking.":1,"#Personally, I can only trace my direct maternal line back to Paducah, Kentucky, prior to the Civil War. However, my matches on the Matches Map have their EKMA locations in Ireland and Scotland.":1,"#The Matches Map plots your matches’ EKMA locations on a map and is divided by the different test levels and color-coded by genetic distance.":1,"#You’ll also want to check out your matches’ EKMA locations. You can do both on the Matches page (there’s a column for this information for each match) and on the Matches Map.":1,"#FamilyTreeDNA offers both a Family View and Pedigree View for family trees. mtDNA is passed down matrilineally (mother, mother, mother, etc.), so the Pedigree View is going to be helpful here since you can easily follow that direct maternal line. Look for ancestors you recognize on that direct maternal line.":1,"#On your Matches list, you’ll be able to view your matches’ family trees, their Earliest Known Maternal Ancestors (EKMA), and those ancestors’ locations. While you may not recognize the names of your matches, their family trees are the first thing you should check to find a connection.":1,"#With the mtFull Sequence test, FamilyTreeDNA provides you not just a list of matches that share a common matrilineal ancestor with you, but also tools to discover who that ancestor is, expand your family tree, confirm family stories and legends, and break brick walls.":1,"#Tools for mtDNA Research":1,"#Genetic distance in mtDNA is limited right now but keep reading to find out how we plan to improve in the near future.":1,"#Matching with mtDNA testing uncovers connections between testers who share a common matrilineal ancestor, regardless of where the records stop. The test level you match at and the genetic distance, or the number of mtDNA mutation differences, between you and the match can help determine when you share that common matrilineal ancestry.":1,"#When it comes to traditional genealogy research about the women in your family tree, it’s easy to get stuck. Most societies were patriarchal and not matriarchal, and there are far more records pertaining to the men in our family trees than the women. Women’s names were changed with marriage, and you may not be able to find their birth surnames. In some cases, the mother’s name isn’t even recorded on birth certificates!":1,"#The other major benefit of mtDNA testing is that you receive mtDNA matches that share a common ancestor with you on your matrilineal line. While you can get a basic mtDNA haplogroup with some autosomal tests, you only receive autosomal matches with those tests, not mtDNA matches.":1,"#Finding Useful mtDNA Matches":1,"#While your haplogroup migration path won’t be as specific as a city or a street, your full haplogroup can tell you the regions your matrilineal ancestors migrated from and to, if they were Native American, Jewish, or part of another cultural group, and by comparing with the self-reported Earliest Known Maternal Ancestor locations of other testers, the country your ancestors may be from.":1,"#Past the root, haplogroups are divided into branches notated by alternating numbers and letters. With a mtFull Sequence test, your haplogroup won’t be just a root, like H, but instead, it could be H2a1a1. That’s a mouthful, but it gives you so much more information on your maternal story! Let’s think about the address again. If H is the country, then 2 is the state. The first a is the county, the first 1 is the city, the next a is the street, and the last 1 is the house number.":1,"#Think of your haplogroup like an address. You have the root of the haplogroup (H, V, U, J, L, etc.). This tells you what country the address is in. With an autosomal test, that might be as specific as you get.":1,"#Let’s stick with haplogroups for a minute. Sure, some autosomal DNA tests will provide you with a basic mtDNA haplogroup, but you’ll only receive your complete mtDNA haplogroup from a full sequence mtDNA test. What’s the difference? With a basic mtDNA haplogroup, you’re only getting part of the story.":1,"#While many autosomal DNA testing chips include enough mtDNA SNPs on them to provide you with a basic haplogroup, there’s so much more that comes with a strictly mitochondrial test like the mtFull Sequence.":1,"#Understanding Your Complete mtDNA Haplogroup":1,"#This is why mtDNA is passed down exclusively through the maternal line and why it can be used to trace an individual’s direct maternal ancestry.":1,"#During fertilization, the sperm cell’s mitochondria are usually destroyed or left behind in the tail of the sperm, while the egg cell’s mitochondria go on to replicate and populate the cells of the developing embryo. As a result, all of the mitochondria in an individual’s body are ultimately derived from their mother’s egg cell.":1,"#Males do have mitochondria, but they only inherit them from their mother and cannot pass them on to their offspring. This is because when a fertilized egg is formed, the egg cell contributes the majority of the mitochondria that will be present in the resulting embryo, while the sperm cell contributes very few.":1,"#Why does mtDNA only come from my mother?":1,"#While X-DNA can be used to determine a shared common ancestor with other autosomal matches, it does not follow an exclusively matrilineal inheritance path, and due to random recombination, it can only reach back about 5-6 generations, similar to autosomal DNA.":1,"#Women inherit a randomly recombined X chromosome from their mother and a non-recombined X chromosome from their father. Men inherit a randomly recombined X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father.":1,"#While the two are often confused, mtDNA and DNA from the X chromosome (X-DNA) are completely different. The X chromosome is found inside the cell nucleus, along with the other autosomal chromosomes (1-22) and the male Y chromosome.":1,"#Due to its far reach, with mtDNA, you can discover matches who share a common matrilineal ancestor with you beyond the typical 5-6 generation time frame of autosomal DNA tests and, in turn, break more brick walls.":1,"#mtDNA testing allows you to trace back to Mitochondrial DNA “Eve.” Eve lived about 150,000 years ago and is the matrilineal ancestor of all humans.":1,"#Because of its unique inheritance, mtDNA allows you to trace your direct maternal line through your mother, your grandmother, your great-grandmother, and so on.":1,"#Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is found in most human cells inside the mitochondria but outside the cell nucleus. This type of DNA is inherited exclusively from your mother.":1,"#What is mitochondrial DNA?":1,"#By unlocking new avenues of research, mtDNA testing allows you to trace your direct maternal line and connect with others who share a matrilineal ancestor. Even if records are scarce or non-existent, mtDNA testing can help you break down genealogical brick walls and uncover new connections to your family history.":1,"#Are you struggling to make progress on your genealogy research? Have you hit a brick wall in tracing your family tree? Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing may be the breakthrough you need.":1,"#Learn how mtDNA testing can uncover connections between testers who share a common matrilineal ancestor, regardless of where the records stop. Explore the benefits of mtDNA testing for tracing your direct maternal line and breaking down genealogical brick walls.":1,"#By: Katy Rowe":1,"#|In Ancestry, Updates, mtDNA":1,"#Genealogy's Secret Weapon: How Using mtDNA Can Solve Family Mysteries":1,"#To connect your account to MyHeritage, you are requested to grant FamilyTreeDNA approval to give MyHeritage access to the following information for kit number SM13757:":1,"#To connect your account to MyHeritage, you are requested to grant FamilyTreeDNA approval to give MyHeritage access to the following information for kit number BP48361:":1,"#Andrea Beñez":1,"#Venecia, Elvis":1,"#Paola Fabiana Casanova":1,"#You have an ancient connection with the Neolithic Balkan cultural group. This haplogroup connection is relatively rare compared to other customer results. Take a look at your Ancient Connections to learn more.":1,"#toggle HV4a2d1":1,"#toggle HV4a2c1":1,"#toggle F8784241":1,"#Cyprus - 1 participant":1,"#Estonia - 1 participant":1,"#Slovenia - 1 participant":1,"#Belgium (Wallonia) - 1 participant":1,"#Ghana - 1 participant":1,"#Senegal - 1 participant":1,"#St. Lucia - 1 participant":1,"#Benin - 2 participants":1,"#Uzbekistan - 2 participants":1,"#Chad - 2 participants":1,"#South Africa - 2 participants":1,"#Cameroon - 3 participants":1,"#Norway - 3 participants":1,"#Ethiopia - 3 participants":1,"#Bahrain - 3 participants":1,"#Brazil - 3 participants":1,"#Sweden - 3 participants":1,"#Qatar - 3 participants":1,"#Kazakhstan - 3 participants":1,"#Croatia - 4 participants":1,"#Tunisia - 4 participants":1,"#Latvia - 4 participants":1,"#Israel - 5 participants":1,"#Mexico - 5 participants":1,"#Slovakia - 5 participants":1,"#Jordan - 6 participants":1,"#United Arab Emirates - 6 participants":1,"#Libya - 7 participants":1,"#Austria - 7 participants":1,"#Bulgaria - 8 participants":1,"#Syrian Arab Republic - 8 participants":1,"#Hungary - 8 participants":1,"#Kuwait - 8 participants":1,"#Tanzania - 9 participants":1,"#Kenya - 9 participants":1,"#Palestinian Territory - 10 participants":1,"#Algeria - 10 participants":1,"#Romania - 11 participants":1,"#Wales - 12 participants":1,"#Lithuania - 12 participants":1,"#United States - 12 participants":1,"#Yemen - 14 participants":1,"#Netherlands - 14 participants":1,"#Turkey - 15 participants":1,"#Lebanon - 15 participants":1,"#Belarus - 20 participants":1,"#Scotland - 21 participants":1,"#Greece - 21 participants":1,"#Portugal - 23 participants":1,"#Egypt - 28 participants":1,"#Iraq - 30 participants":1,"#United Kingdom - 35 participants":1,"#France - 35 participants":1,"#Russian Federation - 36 participants":1,"#Spain - 61 participants":1,"#Saudi Arabia - 70 participants":1,"#England - 103 participants":1,"#Italy - 115 participants":1,"#Germany - 126 participants":1,"#Countries haplogroup E-M35":1,"#Palestinian Territory - 1 participant":1,"#Dominican Republic - 1 participant":1,"#United Kingdom - 1 participant":1,"#Mexico - 2 participants":1,"#Chile - 2 participants":1,"#Saudi Arabia - 2 participants":1,"#Countries haplogroup E-V68":1,"#She is the ancestor of at least descendant lineages known as ":1,"#Maria Alejandra Gonzalez":1,"#brenda_gisegon@hotmail.com":1,"#brenda.gisel.alegre@gmail.com":1,"#If any of your matches haven’t connected their FamilyTreeDNA account with MyHeritage, you can still view their trees on the FamilyTreeDNA website, even after":1,"#B2bj+16241":1,"#Hypervariable Region 2 (3)":1,"#More information about I31232 will be added soon.":1,"#More information about I15722 will be added soon.":1,"#More information about I24939 will be added soon.":1,"#More information about I24130 will be added soon.":1,"#H2a2b3":1,"#H26a1a1":1,"#H1an1":1,"#H1ag":1,"#I-FT154811":1,"#H1a9":1,"#H1a1a1":1,"#H1a1a":1,"#H11a8":1,"#More information about I41397 will be added soon.":1,"#I-Y155954":1,"#E-FTD70699":1,"#More information about I22433 will be added soon.":1,"#More information about I46691 will be added soon.":1,"#More information about I26503 will be added soon.":1,"#Medieval Wallachian":1,"#julianagalosi22@gmail.com":1,"#Patricia R Dyer":1,"#Herschel Wilonsky":1,"#Rubén Nicolás Souza":1,"#Cliff Weiss":1,"#Damian Juarez Franz":1,"#María Eugenia Quintana":1,"#Mr. Edwin Pochekailo":1,"#Sheryl Prenzlau":1,"#Mrs. Silvia Mabel . Capece":1,"#Mrs. Sharon Gillette Bohner":1,"#Elaine Larsen":1,"#Marcia Z. Parks":1,"#Claudio Valdivia":1,"#Rodolfo Marcelo Venchiarutti":1,"#Michael McLaughlin":1,"#Jose Leonardo Hiluvani":1,"#Anna Maria Maria Ostrowska":1,"#Alex K":1,"#Laura Falbo":1,"#Ricardo Bernardo Petcoche":1,"#Juan Pablo Tortorelli":1,"#Oscar Pochekailo":1,"#Griselda Matos":1,"#Daniela Mabel Aimar":1,"#David Lee Rosenbloom":1,"#Dona Sosa":1,"#Gisela Fourastie":1,"#Solomia Babjak":1,"#Santiago Pelze":1,"#Violeta Anahí Killian Galván Ph.D.":1,"#Juliana Galosi":1,"#288d":1,"#SI19768T100821":1,"#ch5648591@gmail.com":1,"#Tension has characterized southwestern Uganda in previous centuries. Military campaigns from the southern Kingdom of Rwanda sought to extend their grip over the Bantu-speaking Agriculturalists in what is today southern Uganda. In the same vein, the Batwa Hunter-Gatherers of the tropical rainforest disrupted and raided Bantu homelands. Although these Bantu-speaking peoples were successful in defying Rwandan rule and Batwa attacks, they were adversely affected by colonies of Germans, Belgians, and eventually the British. Demonstrating continued resistance to colonialism, the Bakiga turned the Nyabingi religious movement into a political force to defend their independence from the British.":1,"#Two theories have been put forth concerning the dispersal of Bantu-speaking peoples. One states that there was an early split between Bantu speakers that created a west and east division. A second theory puts forth that Bantu speakers first migrated south to modern Angola and then to the southeast. Bantu speakers arrived at the great lakes in East Africa around 1000 BCE. The Bantu may have sometimes displaced local populations, but in other cases, they intermarried. Today, East African Bantu speakers share ancestry with other East African people, and a moderate amount of their ancestry comes from Afro-Asiatic-speaking Farmers of East Africa. This unique combination of ancestry is only present among East African Bantu speakers. The Bantu of the western Lake Victoria Basin developed complex kingdoms possibly because of their contact with Pastoralists from the northeast.":1,"#The ancestors of modern-day tropical rainforest Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculturalists of Central Africa diverged from one another approximately 60,000 years ago. Bantu languages along with agricultural practices expanded around 5,000 years ago from western Central Africa to East and Southern Africa. The Bantu expansion of language and culture was accompanied by a migration of people.":1,"#H1g1":1,"#Rosario Morales":1,"#Jose Guevara D":1,"#43% non-European":1,"#34% Farmer":1,"#15% Hunter-Gatherer":1,"#T2 mtDNA - Surnames - FamilyTreeDNA":1,"#Looking for any Ukraine relations. My mother's family (Dudka and Nagornuk) are from Ukraine and I don't no for sure what town. I did 23andME testing and have also shared the results with Gedmatch. My Dad's family was from Alsace Lorraine and in the very distant past there is some Swiss. The names there are Lutz, Klufts, Gassmann.":1,"#Hi everyone! Why I can’t find much info about T2a2. My mom is from Egypt. Anyone have idea? Thanks,":1,"#March 2018":1,"#Hi everyone. do you have any ideas my mtdna subgroup ?":1,"#June 2018":1,"#Hello all, I am an adoptee, searching for biological family. I have tested with Ancestry, and LivingDNA, in addition to FTDNA. I have uploaded my info to MyHeritage. I appreciate knowing my haplogroup, T2e, even if I don't have indepth understanding as to how it my help me in my search, or even simply give me greater understanding regarding my ancestry in general. I was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine (Paris), France in 1956. I lived in Morocco for my first year and have reason to believe my mother was French/Moroccan. A cousin of my adoptive father has just tested with Ancestry to see if we are a match as I was recently told by a relative that my adoptive father was also my biological father. We do not yet have an answer. This story also fits with the French/Moroccan mother \"theory\".":1,"#you may have to use your Browser Zoom Function i am under T2F4":1,"#its nice to have Additional Data from YFULL":1,"#My New terminal subclade designation from YFull - T2b24bWow - that was quick -":1},"version":341499}]